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Introduction To understand why royalism lasted, it helps to drop the “movie version” where one side is purely heroic and […]

Introduction If Guayaquil 1820 was the revolution that started a new phase, Pichincha (24 May 1822) is the moment that

Introduction Independence-era war in Ecuador isn’t best understood as “armies clash, someone wins.” It’s better understood as: Can you move

Part 5 — Guayaquil 1820–1822: Three doors, one city Introduction After 9 October 1820, Guayaquil didn’t just gain a new

Introduction If Quito’s revolution years felt like living inside uncertainty, Guayaquil in October 1820 feels like the opposite: a plan