{"id":3209,"date":"2026-01-05T10:15:17","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T15:15:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/?p=3209"},"modified":"2026-01-06T08:14:52","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T13:14:52","slug":"explainer-jesuits-education-in-colonial-ecuador-and-the-1767-expulsion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/explainer-jesuits-education-in-colonial-ecuador-and-the-1767-expulsion\/","title":{"rendered":"Explainer: Jesuits + Education in colonial Ecuador \u2014 and the 1767 expulsion"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.travel4pictures.com\/iglesia_de_la_compania_de_jesus\/h6C2BA33B?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"474\" height=\"340\" src=\"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/OIP.jpg\" alt=\"travel4pictures | Iglesia de la Compa\u00f1ia de Jes\u00fas,Quito | interior of ...\" class=\"wp-image-3210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/OIP.jpg 474w, https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/OIP-350x251.jpg 350w, https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/OIP-200x143.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What this explainer is<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A friendly, detailed look at how the <strong>Jesuits<\/strong> became education powerhouses in the <strong>Audiencia of Quito<\/strong>, what happened when <strong>King Charles III<\/strong> expelled them in <strong>1767<\/strong>, and why you can still <em>feel<\/em> that story in Quito today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The big idea<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For much of the colonial period, the <strong>Society of Jesus (Jesuits)<\/strong> ran some of the most influential schools and university-level teaching in Quito\u2014especially in <strong>philosophy<\/strong>, <strong>Latin<\/strong>, and <strong>theology<\/strong>\u2014helping train clergy, administrators, and elites. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dspace.uce.edu.ec\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/f00df09a-2a19-4b70-a4d1-f81ac7e6ad58\/content?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Dspace UCE<\/a>)<br>Then, in <strong>1767<\/strong>, Charles III ordered a coordinated expulsion of Jesuits from Spanish territories, and the educational system in Quito had to be reorganized quickly\u2014often by handing Jesuit institutions to other church bodies or secularizing them over time. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/portales\/expulsion_jesuitas\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Who were the Jesuits (in colonial Quito terms)?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Think of them as a teaching-focused order that built a reputation for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>strong <strong>schools<\/strong> and <strong>higher studies<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>disciplined curricula (logic\/philosophy + languages)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>producing graduates who became clergy, officials, and public intellectuals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>One University of Central Ecuador thesis puts it bluntly: the Jesuit \u201cbattle\u201d was especially in the <strong>educational field<\/strong>, emphasizing <strong>philosophy<\/strong>, <strong>arts<\/strong>, and <strong>Latin<\/strong>, with \u201cmany schools and colleges.\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dspace.uce.edu.ec\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/f00df09a-2a19-4b70-a4d1-f81ac7e6ad58\/content?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Dspace UCE<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What did they actually build in Quito?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) <strong>A pipeline: school \u2192 advanced studies \u2192 degrees<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Two names show up again and again in Quito\u2019s colonial education story:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Seminario\/Colegio de San Luis<\/strong> (linked to training clergy and advanced studies)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Universidad de San Gregorio Magno<\/strong> (Jesuit university-level institution)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A document about the origins of <strong>San Gregorio Magno<\/strong> quotes Jesuit historian <strong>Jos\u00e9 Jouanen<\/strong> and gives a clear founding moment:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cLa Universidad de San Gregorio Magno de Quito fue fundada oficialmente el <strong>15 de septiembre de 1622<\/strong>\u2026\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dspace.uce.edu.ec\/bitstreams\/b27faf49-ce90-44e5-9f41-5cf9b2398158\/download?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Dspace UCE<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>And after 1767, multiple Ecuador-focused histories note that <strong>San Luis<\/strong> and <strong>San Gregorio<\/strong> were strongly affected by the expulsion, with institutional transitions and reforms. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www7.quito.gob.ec\/mdmq_ordenanzas\/Administraci%C3%B3n%202023-2027\/Comisiones%20del%20concejo%20Metropolitano\/Mesa\/Postulaciones%202024\/10.%20Condecoraci%C3%B3n%20Antonio%20Quevedo\/1.%20%20H%C3%A9ctor%20Patricio%20Tapia%20Ram%C3%ADrez\/Doc%20sustento\/Historia%20Fac.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">www7.quito.gob.ec<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) <strong>A physical \u201ceducation + culture\u201d footprint<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Jesuits weren\u2019t just teachers; they anchored major <strong>cultural<\/strong> and <strong>architectural<\/strong> spaces. In Quito, the Jesuit complex around <strong>La Compa\u00f1\u00eda<\/strong> is repeatedly described as part of an educational\/cultural center. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wmf.org\/monuments\/la-compa%C3%B1ia-church?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">World Monuments Fund<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">So\u2026 what happened in <strong>1767<\/strong>?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The order<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Charles III\u2019s expulsion was designed to be <strong>fast and coordinated<\/strong> across the empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A strong, vivid line from Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes describes the operation as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201c<strong>tan secreta, r\u00e1pida y eficaz<\/strong>\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/portales\/expulsion_jesuitas\/expulsion_espana\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>That same Cervantes resource places the main expulsion operation in Spain between the night of <strong>March 31<\/strong> and the morning of <strong>April 2, 1767<\/strong> (with colonial implementation following through 1767\u201368 depending on location). (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/portales\/expulsion_jesuitas\/expulsion_espana\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The scale in Ecuador<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits<\/em> entry on <strong>Ecuador<\/strong> notes that at the moment of Charles III\u2019s expulsion decree (1767\u201368), there were <strong>over 260 Jesuits<\/strong> active there across many roles. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/cambridge-encyclopedia-of-the-jesuits\/ecuador\/8110D601F38500E9500EC6D6099FF4F2?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Cambridge University Press &amp; Assessment<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The logic (what the Crown claimed)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Crown\u2019s case blended political suspicion with \u201cstate control\u201d arguments: officials accused Jesuits of being too independent and too influential. The Cervantes portal summarizes common accusations made against Jesuits in Charles III\u2019s domains. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/portales\/expulsion_jesuitas\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What changed in education afterward?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) <strong>Leadership vacuum + handover<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When you remove a whole teaching order, the immediate problem is practical: <em>Who runs the classes? Who runs the libraries? Who manages the buildings?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One overview explicitly ties the expulsion to education in Quito by noting that Jesuits had established institutions like <strong>San Luis<\/strong> and <strong>San Gregorio<\/strong>, and after 1767 these institutions passed to other hands\u2014ending Jesuit dominance in education in the region. (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.scribd.com\/document\/369557902\/La-Expulsion-de-Los-Jesuitas-y-Su-Impacto-en-La-Educacion-de-La-Real-Audiencia-de-Quito-en-Los-Primeros-Anos?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Scribd<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) <strong>Curriculum reforms and \u201crebuilding the system\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A Museum of Quito Foundation PDF on colonial university study plans points to the expulsion as a turning point, describing how the educational structure shifted and later refounded\/secularized into new institutional forms (late 1700s). (<a href=\"https:\/\/fundacionmuseosquito.gob.ec\/MDC\/Bibliograf%C3%ADa%20SIGLO%20XVIII\/Gil%20Blanco%20Emiliano%20-%20Planes%20de%20estudio%20en%20las%20universidades%20quite%C3%B1as%20siglo%20XVIII.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">FMC<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3) <strong>Long-term institutional lineage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Even when names and administrators changed, some academic narratives stress <em>continuity<\/em>: Quito\u2019s university tradition kept evolving through mergers and refoundations, rather than disappearing. (This is often how colonial institutions \u201csurvive\u201d: they change owners, rules, and titles.) (<a href=\"https:\/\/fundacionmuseosquito.gob.ec\/MDC\/Bibliograf%C3%ADa%20SIGLO%20XVIII\/Gil%20Blanco%20Emiliano%20-%20Planes%20de%20estudio%20en%20las%20universidades%20quite%C3%B1as%20siglo%20XVIII.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">FMC<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why this mattered (beyond schools)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Because education was a <strong>power system<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It shaped who had access to <strong>status<\/strong> and <strong>jobs<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It influenced the language of public debate (philosophy, theology, law)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It connected Quito to wider currents (European ideas and church politics)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Removing the Jesuits was not only a religious decision\u2014it was also a state move to reduce a powerful, semi-independent network. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/portales\/expulsion_jesuitas\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What it means for expats\/visitors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) Quito\u2019s historic center makes more sense<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When you see the scale of churches and colleges, remember: these weren\u2019t just worship spaces\u2014they were <strong>education infrastructure<\/strong> and social influence machines. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wmf.org\/monuments\/la-compa%C3%B1ia-church?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">World Monuments Fund<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) You\u2019re walking through a \u201cknowledge city\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The expulsion helps explain why Quito\u2019s educational history has these sharp \u201cbreaks\u201d and reorganizations in the late colonial period\u2014institutions changed hands, curricula shifted, and politics got louder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3) It\u2019s a story about control<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If you like institutional drama: 1767 is basically \u201cthe state asserts control over a major education network.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where you feel it (fast list)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Architecture:<\/strong> the Jesuit complex around <strong>La Compa\u00f1\u00eda<\/strong>\u2014a reminder of the order\u2019s cultural\/educational reach. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wmf.org\/monuments\/la-compa%C3%B1ia-church?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">World Monuments Fund<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Museums\/archives:<\/strong> look for exhibits or notes on <strong>colonial universities<\/strong> and late-1700s reforms. (<a href=\"https:\/\/fundacionmuseosquito.gob.ec\/MDC\/Bibliograf%C3%ADa%20SIGLO%20XVIII\/Gil%20Blanco%20Emiliano%20-%20Planes%20de%20estudio%20en%20las%20universidades%20quite%C3%B1as%20siglo%20XVIII.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">FMC<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Everyday Quito identity:<\/strong> pride in the city as an intellectual\/religious capital\u2014and debate about education and authority that still feels \u201cAndean.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Myths vs reality (short box)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Myth 1: \u201cThey were expelled only for religious reasons.\u201d<\/strong><br><strong>Reality:<\/strong> the expulsion was also political\u2014about <strong>state control<\/strong> and suspicion of Jesuit influence. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/portales\/expulsion_jesuitas\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Myth 2: \u201cEducation stopped.\u201d<\/strong><br><strong>Reality:<\/strong> education <em>reorganized<\/em>\u2014institutions shifted hands, and curricula evolved in the late colonial period. (<a href=\"https:\/\/fundacionmuseosquito.gob.ec\/MDC\/Bibliograf%C3%ADa%20SIGLO%20XVIII\/Gil%20Blanco%20Emiliano%20-%20Planes%20de%20estudio%20en%20las%20universidades%20quite%C3%B1as%20siglo%20XVIII.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">FMC<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Myth 3: \u201cIt was just a Quito thing.\u201d<\/strong><br><strong>Reality:<\/strong> it was empire-wide; Quito experienced it locally, but it was part of a coordinated imperial policy. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/portales\/expulsion_jesuitas\/expulsion_espana\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Learn more and verify (starter sources)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits \u2014 <strong>Ecuador<\/strong> entry (Jesuits present at expulsion; broad scope) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/cambridge-encyclopedia-of-the-jesuits\/ecuador\/8110D601F38500E9500EC6D6099FF4F2?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Cambridge University Press &amp; Assessment<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes \u2014 Expulsion portal (operation, framing, contemporary arguments) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/portales\/expulsion_jesuitas\/expulsion_espana\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UCE (PDF) \u2014 Origins of <strong>Universidad San Gregorio Magno<\/strong> + quote on 1622 founding (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dspace.uce.edu.ec\/bitstreams\/b27faf49-ce90-44e5-9f41-5cf9b2398158\/download?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Dspace UCE<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fundaci\u00f3n Museos de Quito (PDF) \u2014 colonial university study plans; post-1767 restructuring (<a href=\"https:\/\/fundacionmuseosquito.gob.ec\/MDC\/Bibliograf%C3%ADa%20SIGLO%20XVIII\/Gil%20Blanco%20Emiliano%20-%20Planes%20de%20estudio%20en%20las%20universidades%20quite%C3%B1as%20siglo%20XVIII.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">FMC<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Monuments Fund \u2014 La Compa\u00f1\u00eda as part of an educational\/cultural center (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wmf.org\/monuments\/la-compa%C3%B1ia-church?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">World Monuments Fund<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">English summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Jesuits became central to colonial Quito\u2019s education system through elite schools and university-level teaching (notably <strong>San Gregorio Magno<\/strong>). In <strong>1767<\/strong>, Charles III expelled them across the empire in a fast, coordinated operation, creating a major disruption in Quito\u2019s institutions. Education didn\u2019t vanish\u2014it was reorganized: leadership changed hands, curricula shifted, and the late-colonial period saw significant restructuring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resumen en espa\u00f1ol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Los jesuitas tuvieron un papel clave en la educaci\u00f3n de Quito colonial mediante colegios y ense\u00f1anza universitaria (destaca <strong>San Gregorio Magno<\/strong>). En <strong>1767<\/strong>, Carlos III orden\u00f3 su expulsi\u00f3n en todos los dominios espa\u00f1oles, en una operaci\u00f3n r\u00e1pida y coordinada, lo que provoc\u00f3 un fuerte remez\u00f3n institucional. La educaci\u00f3n no desapareci\u00f3: se reorganiz\u00f3, cambiaron las autoridades y los planes de estudio se transformaron en el tramo final de la Colonia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What this explainer is A friendly, detailed look at how the Jesuits became education powerhouses in the Audiencia of Quito, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[389,396],"tags":[351],"class_list":["post-3209","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-explainer","category-history-culture","tag-ecuador-images"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3209","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3209"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3209\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3211,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3209\/revisions\/3211"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3209"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3209"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3209"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}