{"id":3174,"date":"2025-12-30T09:26:48","date_gmt":"2025-12-30T14:26:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/?p=3174"},"modified":"2025-12-30T09:26:49","modified_gmt":"2025-12-30T14:26:49","slug":"quito-under-spanish-rule-how-the-city-worked-and-what-daily-life-felt-like","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/quito-under-spanish-rule-how-the-city-worked-and-what-daily-life-felt-like\/","title":{"rendered":"Quito under Spanish rule: how the city worked (and what daily life felt like)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Template%3APotd\/2022-12?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"783\" src=\"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OIP-7.jpg\" alt=\"Template\/2022-12 - Wikimedia Commons\" class=\"wp-image-3175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OIP-7.jpg 450w, https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OIP-7-201x350.jpg 201w, https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OIP-7-115x200.jpg 115w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">English <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1) A city \u201cbuilt on purpose\u201d<\/strong><br>After the Spanish founded <strong>Quito<\/strong> in <strong>1534<\/strong> (on the ruins of an <strong>Inca<\/strong> city), they shaped it as a compact Andean capital\u2014steep streets, big plazas, and church complexes that doubled as spiritual <em>and<\/em> social anchors. UNESCO notes the old city\u2019s plan as <strong>checkerboard-patterned streets<\/strong> with squares, and houses \u201c<strong>1 or 2 floors with one or several patios<\/strong>.\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/2\/\">UNESCO World Heritage Centre<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Think of it like this: <strong>plazas<\/strong> were the \u201cliving room,\u201d <strong>churches and monasteries<\/strong> were the \u201cpower centers,\u201d and the <strong>patio house<\/strong> was the \u201cprivate world\u201d behind thick walls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2) Who ran the place: Crown + local elites<\/strong><br>Colonial Quito had two overlapping \u201cengines\u201d of power:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Real Audiencia of Quito<\/strong> (top court + high administration). One classic description sums it up as a <strong>President<\/strong>, <strong>four oidores (judges)<\/strong>, and a <strong>fiscal (prosecutor)<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/obra-visor\/historia-general-de-la-republica-del-ecuador-tomo-tercero--0\/html\/00130e96-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_24.html\">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>cabildo<\/strong> (city council): local officials handling streets, markets, local rules, and public order. The 1568 <strong>Ordenanzas del Cabildo de Quito<\/strong> literally frame their job as \u201c<strong>buen gobierno<\/strong>\u201d (good government) and spell out annual elections of <strong>alcaldes ordinarios<\/strong> and other offices. (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Ordenanzas_del_Cabildo_de_Quito_%281568%29\">Wikisource<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>And sitting between them, especially in daily life, was the <strong>corregidor<\/strong> (a key royal official in local administration). A FLACSO thesis calls the corregidor post \u201c<strong>one of the fundamental pillars<\/strong>\u201d of the colonial administrative structure. (<a href=\"https:\/\/repositorio.flacsoandes.edu.ec\/items\/f0561172-704e-4cc8-9f33-3ccb0179366b?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">FLACSO Andes Repository<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3) Church, education, and \u201chow society was organized\u201d<\/strong><br>In Quito, the <strong>Catholic Church<\/strong> wasn\u2019t just about religion\u2014it shaped <strong>education<\/strong>, festivals, moral rules, art, and even where people sat in public ceremonies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A striking detail from the 1568 ordinances: there are rules about <strong>seating prestige inside churches<\/strong>, and the cabildo defends its place near the altar\u2014basically, religion and politics on the same stage. (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Ordenanzas_del_Cabildo_de_Quito_%281568%29\">Wikisource<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is also why Quito became famous for its \u201c<strong>Baroque school of Quito<\/strong>,\u201d a fusion of <strong>European<\/strong> and <strong>indigenous<\/strong> traditions visible in places like <strong>San Francisco<\/strong> and <strong>La Compa\u00f1\u00eda<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/2\/\">UNESCO World Heritage Centre<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4) Neighborhoods and social \u201clayers\u201d (stratis)<\/strong><br>Day-to-day Quito was multi-layered. A simplified (but useful) way to picture it:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Peninsulares<\/strong> (Spaniards born in Spain): often held top posts or had direct Crown ties.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Criollos<\/strong> (Spanish-descended elites born in the Americas): powerful locally\u2014land, commerce, church patronage\u2014sometimes frustrated by limits on top jobs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mestizos<\/strong>: a wide middle, from skilled trades to small commerce.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Indigenous communities<\/strong>: essential to the city\u2019s food supply, building labor, domestic work, and textile production; also maintained their own communities and obligations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Afro-descended people<\/strong> (free and enslaved): present in domestic labor, skilled trades, and the broader regional economy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Britannica\u2019s overview emphasizes that colonial Ecuador functioned under the <strong>audiencia of Quito<\/strong>, with Spanish culture spread largely by <strong>religious orders<\/strong> and male Spanish colonists. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ecuador\/The-colonial-period?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a>)<br>And a major Quito-focused study (Minchom) explicitly frames Quito\u2019s late-colonial city life in terms of <strong>demography<\/strong> and <strong>socioracial dynamics<\/strong>\u2014who lived where, who worked what jobs, and how popular protest could ignite. (<a href=\"https:\/\/fundacionmuseosquito.gob.ec\/MDC\/Bibliograf%C3%ADa%20Sala%20siglo%20XVI\/Monchom%20Martin-El%20pueblo%20de%20Quito%201690-1810.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Fundaci\u00f3n Museo de la Ciudad Quito<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5) Work, money, and what people actually <em>did<\/em> all day<\/strong><br>If you zoom in to everyday life, it often comes down to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Markets and small commerce<\/strong> (food, candles, cloth, tools\u2014lots of daily bargaining).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Workshops<\/strong>: Quito became known for <strong>textiles<\/strong> and artisan production. Scholarly work on Quito\u2019s textile economy points to a boom tied to workshops and labor drawn from mobile Indigenous workers (often outside formal registers). (<a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/ifea\/2317?lang=en&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\">OpenEdition Books<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Haciendas<\/strong> outside the city feeding Quito and anchoring rural power (land, labor obligations, debt, rents).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Church employment<\/strong>: schools, hospitals\/charity, music, art, building projects\u2014big institutions employed many hands directly and indirectly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>So, a \u201cregular day\u201d might look like: morning mass bells, market noise rising, artisans at work, officials meeting at the <strong>cabildo<\/strong>, and constant movement of people bringing goods in from surrounding valleys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6) Law and order: not a modern police force\u2014more like rules + officials + public enforcement<\/strong><br>Order was enforced through:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>local officials<\/strong> (cabildo, alcaldes, alguacil roles),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>written ordinances,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and very visible public routines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The 1568 ordinances show how the city regulated practical things\u2014like requiring certain actions be proclaimed publicly in the <strong>plaza<\/strong> (\u201c<strong>pregonar\u2026 p\u00fablicamente en la plaza<\/strong>\u201d), and even organizing annual inspections of boundary markers (<strong>ejidos<\/strong>) to prevent land grabs. (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Ordenanzas_del_Cabildo_de_Quito_%281568%29\">Wikisource<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words: governance was a mix of paperwork, public announcements, and \u201ceveryone knows the rules because they were announced in the square.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7) What you can still \u201cread\u201d in the city today<\/strong><br>If you walk Quito\u2019s historic center now, colonial life leaves clues everywhere:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the <strong>grid<\/strong> and <strong>plazas<\/strong> (how people gathered and power was displayed), (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/2\/\">UNESCO World Heritage Centre<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the massive <strong>convents<\/strong> and <strong>churches<\/strong> (wealth + worldview + education), (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/2\/\">UNESCO World Heritage Centre<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>patio houses<\/strong> (private family life behind walls), (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/2\/\">UNESCO World Heritage Centre<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and the sheer density of institutions packed into a small area (a capital meant to be walked).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Learn more and verify (starter links)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>UNESCO \u2013 City of Quito (World Heritage)<\/strong>: city plan, patios, churches, Baroque school (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/2\/\">UNESCO World Heritage Centre<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ordenanzas del Cabildo de Quito (1568)<\/strong> (primary-style civic rules): offices, elections, plaza announcements, ejidos (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Ordenanzas_del_Cabildo_de_Quito_%281568%29\">Wikisource<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Britannica \u2013 Ecuador: the colonial period<\/strong> (big-picture context) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ecuador\/The-colonial-period?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Country Studies \u2013 Spanish Colonial Era (Ecuador)<\/strong> (audiencia structure &amp; jurisdiction) (<a href=\"https:\/\/country-studies.com\/ecuador\/spanish-colonial-era.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">country-studies.com<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Minchom, <em>El pueblo de Quito, 1690\u20131810<\/em><\/strong> (urban demography + socioracial dynamics) (<a href=\"https:\/\/fundacionmuseosquito.gob.ec\/MDC\/Bibliograf%C3%ADa%20Sala%20siglo%20XVI\/Monchom%20Martin-El%20pueblo%20de%20Quito%201690-1810.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Fundaci\u00f3n Museo de la Ciudad Quito<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quito durante la Colonia: c\u00f3mo funcionaba la ciudad (y c\u00f3mo se sent\u00eda la vida cotidiana)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Espa\u00f1ol (mismo tono, estilo \u201camigo que te cuenta\u201d)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1) Una ciudad \u201checha con intenci\u00f3n\u201d<\/strong><br>Tras la fundaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola de <strong>Quito<\/strong> en <strong>1534<\/strong> (sobre ruinas de una ciudad <strong>inca<\/strong>), la capital se organiz\u00f3 como una ciudad andina compacta: cuestas, plazas grandes y complejos religiosos que eran a la vez centros espirituales <em>y<\/em> sociales. UNESCO describe el trazado con calles tipo damero, plazas, y casas de \u201c<strong>1 o 2 pisos con uno o varios patios<\/strong>.\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/2\/\">UNESCO World Heritage Centre<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En simple: la <strong>plaza<\/strong> era la sala com\u00fan, la <strong>iglesia\/convento<\/strong> era el \u201ccentro de poder\u201d, y la casa con <strong>patio<\/strong> era el mundo privado tras muros gruesos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2) \u00bfQui\u00e9n mandaba? Corona + \u00e9lites locales<\/strong><br>Quito ten\u00eda dos motores que se cruzaban:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>La <strong>Real Audiencia<\/strong> (tribunal superior + administraci\u00f3n). Se la describe con <strong>Presidente<\/strong>, <strong>oidores<\/strong>, y <strong>fiscal<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/obra-visor\/historia-general-de-la-republica-del-ecuador-tomo-tercero--0\/html\/00130e96-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_24.html\">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El <strong>cabildo<\/strong> (gobierno municipal): reglas locales, mercados, obras, orden p\u00fablico. Las <strong>Ordenanzas<\/strong> de 1568 hablan del \u201c<strong>buen gobierno<\/strong>\u201d y detallan elecciones y cargos como los <strong>alcaldes ordinarios<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Ordenanzas_del_Cabildo_de_Quito_%281568%29\">Wikisource<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Y en el d\u00eda a d\u00eda, el <strong>corregidor<\/strong> era clave: FLACSO lo llama \u201c<strong>uno de sus pilares fundamentales<\/strong>\u201d dentro de la estructura colonial. (<a href=\"https:\/\/repositorio.flacsoandes.edu.ec\/items\/f0561172-704e-4cc8-9f33-3ccb0179366b?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">FLACSO Andes Repository<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3) Iglesia, educaci\u00f3n y \u201cc\u00f3mo se ordenaba la sociedad\u201d<\/strong><br>La <strong>Iglesia<\/strong> no era solo religi\u00f3n: marcaba educaci\u00f3n, fiestas, normas morales, arte, y hasta la etiqueta p\u00fablica. Las ordenanzas de 1568 muestran incluso reglas de <strong>preeminencia y asientos dentro de iglesias<\/strong> (pol\u00edtica y religi\u00f3n en el mismo escenario). (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Ordenanzas_del_Cabildo_de_Quito_%281568%29\">Wikisource<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Por eso Quito destaca por la <strong>Escuela Barroca Quite\u00f1a<\/strong>, mezcla de tradici\u00f3n <strong>europea<\/strong> e <strong>ind\u00edgena<\/strong>, visible en <strong>San Francisco<\/strong> y <strong>La Compa\u00f1\u00eda<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/2\/\">UNESCO World Heritage Centre<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4) Estratos sociales: qui\u00e9n era qui\u00e9n<\/strong><br>Un mapa \u00fatil (sin complicarlo demasiado):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Peninsulares<\/strong>: m\u00e1s cerca del poder imperial.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Criollos<\/strong>: \u00e9lites locales, con peso econ\u00f3mico y social.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mestizos<\/strong>: un \u201cmedio\u201d amplio (oficios, comercio, servicios).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pueblos ind\u00edgenas<\/strong>: base de trabajo urbano y rural, con obligaciones y comunidades propias.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Afrodescendientes<\/strong>: libres y esclavizados, presentes en servicios, oficios y econom\u00eda regional.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Britannica recuerda que el territorio funcionaba bajo la <strong>audiencia de Quito<\/strong>, y que la cultura espa\u00f1ola se difund\u00eda mucho por <strong>\u00f3rdenes religiosas<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ecuador\/The-colonial-period?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a>)<br>Y Minchom analiza Quito (1690\u20131810) justamente desde la <strong>din\u00e1mica sociorracial<\/strong> y la vida popular urbana. (<a href=\"https:\/\/fundacionmuseosquito.gob.ec\/MDC\/Bibliograf%C3%ADa%20Sala%20siglo%20XVI\/Monchom%20Martin-El%20pueblo%20de%20Quito%201690-1810.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Fundaci\u00f3n Museo de la Ciudad Quito<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5) Trabajo y econom\u00eda: lo cotidiano<\/strong><br>Lo que llenaba las horas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>mercados<\/strong> y peque\u00f1o comercio,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>talleres<\/strong> y producci\u00f3n artesanal (incluyendo textiles), (<a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/ifea\/2317?lang=en&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\">OpenEdition Books<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>haciendas<\/strong> alrededor (tierra, producci\u00f3n, relaciones laborales),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>y el enorme \u201cecosistema\u201d ligado a la <strong>Iglesia<\/strong> (educaci\u00f3n, arte, construcci\u00f3n, caridad).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6) Ley y orden: m\u00e1s ordenanzas que polic\u00eda moderna<\/strong><br>El orden se aplicaba con funcionarios locales, reglas escritas y rutinas p\u00fablicas. Las ordenanzas muestran proclamaciones en la <strong>plaza<\/strong> (\u201c<strong>pregonar\u2026 p\u00fablicamente en la plaza<\/strong>\u201d) y controles como revisar l\u00edmites de <strong>ejidos<\/strong> para evitar apropiaciones. (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Ordenanzas_del_Cabildo_de_Quito_%281568%29\">Wikisource<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7) Lo que todav\u00eda se puede \u201cleer\u201d caminando Quito hoy<\/strong><br>El trazado en damero, las <strong>plazas<\/strong>, la densidad de <strong>conventos<\/strong> e <strong>iglesias<\/strong>, y las casas con <strong>patio<\/strong> siguen contando c\u00f3mo era una capital hecha para caminar y para mostrar poder. (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/2\/\">UNESCO World Heritage Centre<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>English 1) A city \u201cbuilt on purpose\u201dAfter the Spanish founded Quito in 1534 (on the ruins of an Inca city), [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[389,396],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3174","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-explainer","category-history-culture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3174","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3174"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3174\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3176,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3174\/revisions\/3176"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3174"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3174"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glennspecht.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3174"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}